THE PRESS is not called the Fourth Estate for nothing. It is called
the Fourth Estate because its great influence on public opinion can
make it a potent force for social change. Even the poet John Milton
went into journalism for a while, and figured significantly in the
installation of England's republican government led by Oliver Cromwell,
unfortunately a short-lived one.
The people tend to be guided, in their reaction to social and political
developments, by how the press reports on and analyzes these.
Like much of the world perhaps, the Philippines is prey to a mainstream
media that largely says everything is all right with the world even
as millions of people are dying in the villages and in the slums,
and asking themselves not why they are dying but why they had ever
lived.
But the Philippines can also boast of quite a long line of journalists
belonging to a distinct group that criticizes the status quo and works
with the people in their search for alternatives to it.
What may be called progressive media in the Philippines started to
take root in the Propaganda Movement of the late 1880s and early 1890s.
Counting among its leaders such illustrious names as Jose Rizal (who
would eventually be recognized as the Philippine national hero), Marcelo
del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, the Propaganda Movement agitated
for reforms in the way the Philippines was being run by the Spanish
colonial government.
The Propaganda Movement did much of its work in Spain because it
was there where they had their democratic space, and agitating for
reforms was illegal in the Philippines. But it had a support network
that circulated and discussed its work clandestinely among the people.
The Propaganda Movement did not realize its goals of reform, but
the wave of nationalist thinking that it had helped to develop among
the people paved the way for the revolutionary movement called the
Katipunan, which called for armed revolution with the goal of separation
from Spain.
The Katipunan put out a paper called the Kalayaan, which was edited
and staffed by revolutionary leaders Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
and Pio Valenzuela. Though it managed to put out only one issue, Kalayaan
was instrumental in making the case for revolutionary struggle and
increasing the membership of the Katipunan, which would oust the Spanish
colonial regime in 1898.
When the Americans, who had previously played a small part in the
war against Spanish colonialism disguised as liberators, usurped the
Filipinos' hard-earned freedom, journalists like Apolinario Mabini
and Fidel Reyes helped a lot in sustaining the people's resistance.
The likes of poet-journalists Jose Corazon de Jesus and Amado Hernandez
were of considerable importance in the campaigns for independence
in the 1920s and 1930s.
During the Japanese occupation there were a number of underground
newspapers which proved valuable in providing information to the armed
resistance fighters. Particularly notable was the Free Philippines,
edited and staffed by members of the Civil Liberties Union like Lorenzo
Tañada and JBL Reyes.
After the granting of nominal independence in 1946 and in the midst
of the subsequent Cold War hysteria that affected the Philippines,
patriotic and pro-people journalists like Renato Constantino, Indalecio
Soliongco, and Armando Malay put up a streak of nationalist thought,
supporting Claro M. Recto's crusade for nationalist industrialization
and independent foreign policy.
The nationalist wave of thought they sustained would find full flowering
in the 1960s, filling up the streets with protesters.
In 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos stemmed the growing tide of dissent
by declaring martial law.
In the early years of martial law, there were several underground
newspapers that reported what the government-controlled press could
not report. These did much in encouraging the people to engage in
anti-dictatorship resistance in a variety of means--both armed and
legal.
When Marcos was forced to do a paper lifting of martial law in 1981
because of the growing people's resistance, there arose an above-ground
alternative press that reported extensively on corruption and human
rights violations perpetrated by the government.
In the end, the progressive press was instrumental in the ouster
of the Marcos dictatorship.
In the post-Marcos years the progressive press continued to play
the role of social critic, continuing the campaigns for alternative
economic frameworks and social justice. It played a particularly important
part in the campaign to oust Joseph Estrada who became notorious for
his government's subservience to US neocolonial interests, corruption,
and inefficiency.
Under the regime of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo the progressive press
has been important in campaigns against the US-led war of aggression
which the government wholeheartedly supports.
At particular junctures the progressive press in the Philippines
has made an impact on public consciousness strong enough to make even
the country's mainstream press tend toward alternative views at various
levels.
The record of the Philippine progressive press shows that journalists
can indeed be powerful catalysts for social change.
If journalists stayed away from the struggle for social change, the
world would be the same whether or not they existed, and it would
be as if they never existed at all. They have the responsibility to
take part in the fight for a better world.
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